Okara is usually used as animal feed or as compost/fertiliser, and excess okara is simply disposed of. Soy whey, on the other hand, is produced in largeheme iron vs ferrous bisglycinate quantities through tofu production and soy-protein isolate production, and this nutritious liquid side-stream is often disposed of via the sewage system, which can result in water pollution. Scientists from the National University of Singapore (NUSferrous fumarate and folic acid suspension), however, have found ways to convert these two by-products into value-added consumer products using zero-waste biotransformation.